A Lied Is an Art Song for Solo Voice and Piano Sung in ââ“
Bar 5 of Schubert's art song entitled Nacht und Träume. The vocal part, including the melody notes and the text, is in the height stave. The two staves below are the pianoforte part.
An art song is a Western vocal music limerick, usually written for one phonation with piano accompaniment, and unremarkably in the classical art music tradition. By extension, the term "art song" is used to refer to the commonage genre of such songs (due east.one thousand., the "art song repertoire").[one] An art song is most often a musical setting of an independent verse form or text,[1] "intended for the concert repertory"[ii] "as office of a recital or other relatively formal social occasion".[3] While many pieces of vocal music are hands recognized as fine art songs, others are more difficult to categorize. For instance, a wordless vocalise written by a classical composer is sometimes considered an art vocal[ane] and sometimes non.[4]
Other factors help define art songs:
- Songs that are office of a staged work (such every bit an aria from an opera or a song from a musical) are non unremarkably considered art songs.[5] However, some Baroque arias that "appear with cracking frequency in recital performance"[5] are at present included in the art vocal repertoire.
- Songs with instruments besides pianoforte (eastward.k., cello and piano) and/or other singers are referred to every bit "vocal chamber music", and are usually not considered fine art songs.[half dozen]
- Songs originally written for vocalisation and orchestra are called "orchestral songs" and are non usually considered art songs, unless their original version was for solo voice and piano.[vii]
- Folk songs and traditional songs are generally non considered fine art songs, unless they are fine art music-manner concert arrangements with pianoforte accompaniment written by a specific composer[8] Several examples of these songs include Aaron Copland's two volumes of Old American Songs, the Folksong arrangements by Benjamin Britten,[9] and the Siete canciones populares españolas (7 Spanish Folksongs) by Manuel de Falla.
- There is no agreement regarding sacred songs. Many song settings of biblical or sacred texts were composed for the concert stage and not for religious services; these are widely known equally art songs (for instance, the Vier ernste Gesänge by Johannes Brahms). Other sacred songs may or may non be considered art songs.[x]
- A group of art songs composed to be performed in a group to form a narrative or dramatic whole is called a song cycle.
Languages and nationalities [edit]
Art songs take been composed in many languages, and are known by several names. The German tradition of art song composition is possibly the most prominent one; it is known equally Lieder. In French republic, the term mélodie distinguishes art songs from other French song pieces referred to as chansons. The Spanish canción and the Italian canzone refer to songs generally and not specifically to art songs.
Class [edit]
The composer's musical language and interpretation of the text often dictate the formal pattern of an art song. If all of the poem'south verses are sung to the aforementioned music, the song is strophic. Arrangements of folk songs are often strophic,[1] and "at that place are infrequent cases in which the musical repetition provides dramatic irony for the changing text, or where an almost hypnotic monotony is desired."[1] Several of the songs in Schubert's Die schöne Müllerin are good examples of this. If the vocal tune remains the same simply the accessory changes under it for each verse, the piece is called a "modified strophic" song. In contrast, songs in which "each section of the text receives fresh music"[ane] are called through-composed. Most through-composed works have some repetition of musical material in them. Many art songs use some version of the ABA form (besides known as "vocal form" or "ternary form"), with a beginning musical section, a contrasting middle department, and a return to the start section's music. In some cases, in the return to the first department's music, the composer may brand minor changes.
Performance and performers [edit]
Performance of art songs in recital requires special skills for both the singer and pianist. The degree of intimacy "seldom equaled in other kinds of music"[ane] requires that the two performers "communicate to the audience the most subtle and evanescent emotions every bit expressed in the poem and music".[1] The ii performers must agree on all aspects of the performance to create a unified partnership, making art song functioning one of the "most sensitive type(south) of collaboration".[ane] Too, the pianist must exist able to closely match the mood and character expressed by the singer. Fifty-fifty though classical vocalists generally embark on successful performing careers as soloists by seeking out opera engagements, a number of today's nearly prominent singers have congenital their careers primarily by singing art songs, including Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Thomas Quasthoff, Ian Bostridge, Matthias Goerne, Wolfgang Holzmair, Susan Graham and Elly Ameling. Pianists, too, have specialized in playing art songs with great singers. Gerald Moore, Geoffrey Parsons, Graham Johnson, Dalton Baldwin, Hartmut Höll and Martin Katz are six such pianists who have specialized in accompanying art song performances. The piano parts in art songs tin be so circuitous that the piano part is not really a subordinate accompaniment part; the pianist in challenging art songs is more of an equal partner with the solo singer. Equally such, some pianists who specialize in performing art vocal recitals with singers refer to themselves as "collaborative pianists", rather than as accompanists.
Composers [edit]
British [edit]
- John Dowland
- Thomas Campion
- William Byrd
- Thomas Morley
- Henry Purcell
- Hubert Parry
- Frederick Delius
- Ralph Vaughan Williams
- Roger Quilter
- John Ireland
- Ivor Gurney
- Peter Warlock
- Michael Head
- Madeleine Dring
- Gerald Finzi
- Jonathan Dove
- Benjamin Britten
- Morfydd Llwyn Owen
- Michael Tippett
- Ian Venables
- Judith Weir
- George Butterworth
- Francis George Scott
- Rebecca Clarke
American [edit]
Austrian and German [edit]
- Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
- Joseph Haydn
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Ludwig van Beethoven
- Franz Schubert
- Felix Mendelssohn
- Fanny Mendelssohn
- Robert Schumann
- Clara Schumann
- Carl Loewe
- Johannes Brahms
- Hugo Wolf
- Gustav Mahler
- Richard Strauss
- Alexander von Zemlinsky
- Arnold Schoenberg
- Anton Webern
- Alban Berg
- Erich Wolfgang Korngold
- Viktor Ullmann
- Hanns Eisler
- Kurt Weill
- Paul Hindemith
- Wilhelm Killmayer
- Josephine Lang
- Emilie Mayer
French [edit]
- Hector Berlioz
- Charles Gounod
- Pauline Viardot
- César Franck
- Camille Saint-Saëns
- Georges Bizet
- Emmanuel Chabrier
- Henri Duparc
- Jules Massenet
- Gabriel Fauré
- Claude Debussy
- Erik Satie
- Maurice Ravel
- Lili Boulanger
- Nadia Boulanger
- Albert Roussel
- Reynaldo Hahn
- Darius Milhaud
- Francis Poulenc
- Olivier Messiaen
- Henri Dutilleux
- Cécile Chaminade
Romanaian [edit]
- George Enescu
- Dinu Lipatti
- Pascal Bentoiu
- Irina Hasnaș
Castilian [edit]
Latin American [edit]
Italian [edit]
- Claudio Monteverdi
- Barbara Strozzi
- Gioachino Rossini
- Gaetano Donizetti
- Vincenzo Bellini
- Francesca Caccini
- Giuseppe Verdi
- Amilcare Ponchielli
- Paolo Tosti
- Ottorino Respighi
- Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco
- Luciano Berio
- Lorenzo Ferrero
Eastern European [edit]
- Franz Liszt – Hungary (virtually all his art song settings are of texts in not-Hungarian European languages, such as French and German)
- Antonín Dvořák – Bohemia
- Leoš Janáček – Bohemia (Czechoslovakia)
- Béla Bartók – Republic of hungary
- Zoltán Kodály – Hungary
- Frédéric Chopin – Poland
- Stanisław Moniuszko – Poland
Nordic [edit]
- Edvard Grieg – Kingdom of norway (prepare High german likewise as Norse and Danish poesy)
- Jean Sibelius – Republic of finland (prepare both Finnish and Swedish)
- Yrjö Kilpinen – Finland
- Wilhelm Stenhammar – Sweden
- Hugo Alfvén – Sweden
- Carl Nielsen – Kingdom of denmark
Russian [edit]
- Mikhail Glinka
- Alexander Borodin
- César Cui
- Nikolai Medtner
- Modest Mussorgsky
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
- Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
- Alexander Glazunov
- Sergei Rachmaninoff
- Sergei Prokofiev
- Igor Stravinsky
- Dmitri Shostakovich
Ukrainian [edit]
- Vasyl Barvinsky[xi]
- Stanyslav Lyudkevych[eleven]
- Mykola Lysenko
- Nestor Nyzhankivsky
- Ostap Nyzhankivsky
- Denys Sichynsky[xi]
- Myroslav Skoryk
- Ihor Sonevytsky
- Yakiv Stepovy
- Kyrylo Stetsenko
Asian [edit]
- Nicanor Abelardo – Philippines
- Ananda Sukarlan – Indonesia
Afrikaans [edit]
- Jellmar Ponticha
- Stephanus Le Roux Marais
Arabic [edit]
- Iyad Kanaan – Lebanese republic
See likewise [edit]
- Kundiman
- Song
- Song cycle
Footnotes [edit]
- ^ a b c d eastward f g h i Meister, An Introduction to the Art Song, pp. eleven–17.
- ^ Art Song, Grove Online
- ^ Randel, Harvard Dictionary of Music, p. 61
- ^ Kimball, Introduction, p. xiii
- ^ a b Kimball, p. fourteen
- ^ Meister calls it "a variety of art vocal" (p. 13); Kimball does not include these works in her written report of art songs.(p. xiv)
- ^ Meister, p. 14, and Kimball, p. xiv
- ^ Meister refers to them as a "hybrid medium", p. 14
- ^ Benjamin Britten, Consummate Folksong Arrangements (61 Songs), edited past Richard Walters, Boosey & Hawkes #M051933747, ISBN 1423421566
- ^ Neither Meister nor Kimball mention sacred songs generally, but both talk over the Brahms songs and selected other works in their books on fine art vocal.
- ^ a b c Composers – Ukrainian Art Song Project Archived 2015-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
References [edit]
- Draayer, Suzanne (2009), Art Song Composers of Kingdom of spain: An Encyclopedia, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Printing, ISBN 978-0-8108-6362-0
- Draayer, Suzanne (2003), A Vocalist'southward Guide to the Songs of Joaquín Rodrigo, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Printing, ISBN 978-0-8108-4827-6
- Kimball, Carol (2005), Song: A Guide to Art Song Fashion and Literature, revised edition, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard, ISBN978-ane-4234-1280-9
- Meister, Barbara (1980), An Introduction to the Art Song, New York, New York: Taplinger, ISBN0-8008-8032-3
- Randel, Don Michael (2003), The Harvard Dictionary of Music, Harvard University Printing, p. 61, ISBN0-674-01163-5 , retrieved 2012-10-22
- Villamil, Victoria Etnier (1993), A Singer's Guide to the American Art Song (2004 paperback ed.), Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, ISBN0-8108-5217-ix
Farther reading [edit]
- Emmons, Shirlee, and Stanley Sonntag (1979), The Art of the Vocal Recital (paperback ed.), New York: Schirmer Books, ISBN0-02-870530-0
- Hall, James Husst (1953), The Art Vocal, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press
- Ivey, Donald (1970), Vocal: Anatomy, Imagery, and Styles, New York: The Free Press, ISBN0-8108-5217-9
- Soumagnac, Myriam (1997). "La Mélodie italienne au début du XXe siècle", in Festschrift volume, Échoes de France et d'Ialie: liber amicorum Yves Gérard (jointly ed. past Marie-Claire Mussat, Jean Mongrédien & Jean-Michel Nectoux). Buchet-Chastel. p. 381–386.
- Walter, Wolfgang (2005), Lied-Bibliographie (Song Bibliography): Reference to Literature on the Fine art Vocal, Frankfurt am Master: Peter Lang, ISBN08204-7319-7
- Whitton, Kenneth (1984), Lieder: An Introduction to German Song , London: Julia MacRae, ISBN0-531-09759-5
External links [edit]
- Hampsong Foundation
- Joy In Singing
- The LiederNet Archive - texts to over 165,000 song works with over 35,000 translations
- Fine art Song Central
- The Art Song Project
- The African American Art Song Alliance
- Art Song Composers of Spain
- Canadian Art Song Project
- Latin American Art Song Alliance
- Ukrainian Art Song Projection
- Ukrainian art songs. Sound files.
- Hispasong.com Spanish vocal music, in English language.
- Fine art Song Colorado
- Canciones de España—Songs of Nineteenth-Century Espana [1]
- lottelehmannleague.org/singing-sins-annal (archived Hawaii Public Radio broadcasts about arts songs)
phillipslegreasing.blogspot.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_song
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